Guiding Questions

1. In the years following emancipation, African Americans soon realized the absence of slavery did not equal the presence of freedom. Indeed, Frederick Douglass warned that slavery 鈥渉as been called a great many names, and it will call itself by yet another name; and you and I and all of us had better wait and see鈥n what new skin this old snake will come forth next.鈥� Though physically free, African Americans lacked an education, financial security, economic opportunity, and political rights. The civil rights movement started by ex-slaves organizing and demanding greater access and opportunity in these areas and more. Based off of these primary sources, what were some of the battles African Americans fought to overcome the various 鈥渘ames鈥� of slavery?
2. What ambiguities or potential sources of controversy with respect to the rights of the freed people are found聽in the Fourteenth Amendment? How did the U.S. Supreme Court interpret that amendment in Plessy v. Ferguson? In what respects did the Brown v. Board Court overrule its Plessy decision, and in what respects did it leave its Plessy ruling intact? Finally, how do these Constitutional amendments and Supreme Court decisions fall short of Stokely Carmichael鈥檚 goals?
3. After the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Civil Rights Movement splintered into fractious divisions which steered the movement in more radical (socialist and nationalist) directions. Explain this shift and the distinction between the more conservative and radical leaders.
4. In this list of primary sources the speeches share common themes of freedom, equality and the ‘American dream.’ Identify the ways in which each speaker defines these concepts and document how these definitions vary among each speaker.

Suggested answers

Essential Documents

1. Black Codes of Mississippi, 1865
2. What the Black Man Wants, 1865, Frederick Douglass
3. Plessy v. Ferguson, excerpts, 1896
4. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Platform, 1909
5. “To Secure These Rights,” The Report of President Truman’s Committee on Civil Rights, 1946
6. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka I and II, excerpts, 1954
7. “I Have a Dream” Speech, 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
8. The Ballot or the Bullet, 1964, Malcolm X
9. Commencement Speech at Howard University, 1965, Lyndon B. Johnson
10. Black Power: The Politics of Liberation, 1967, Stokely Carmichael

Resources

Webinars

1. Documents in Detail: Frederick Douglass’ “What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?”
2. Documents in Detail: MLK’s “I Have a Dream” Speech
3. Moments of Crisis: Bloody Sunday in Selma
4. Landmark Supreme Court Cases:聽Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
5. Landmark Supreme Court Cases:聽Brown v. Board of Education
6. Documents in Detail: MLK’s Letter from Birmingham City Jail
7. American Presidents: Dwight D. Eisenhower

Lesson Plans

1. – a two-lesson series examining the diverse voices and ideas that animated the African-American Civil Rights Movement in 1960s America
2. – a comparison of Malcolm X’s ideas with those of other prominent Civil Rights leaders
3. – use documents from Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois to learn about the earliest Civil Rights activities in the 20th Century
4. – this multi-day lesson explores the context around and impact of the landmark court case
5. –聽The focus of this lesson is to understand different approaches to the Civil Rights Movement—notably the contrasting styles between Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X
6. –聽Help students understand the differences between various Civil Rights leaders by comparing their words in various great speeches

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Guiding Questions

1. How did Hoover and FDR differ in their approaches to addressing the Great Depression?
2. How did the federal government and its scope change as a result of Roosevelt’s New Deal?
3. What arguments did Roosevelt and Wheeler offer for or against aiding Great Britain in 1940-41?
4. What was the United States fighting for in World War II?

Suggested answers

Essential Documents

1. Commonwealth Club Address, 1932, FDR
2. Speech on the Consequences of the Proposed New Deal, 1932, Herbert Hoover
3. First Inaugural Address, 1933 (excerpts), FDR
4. Fireside Chat on the New Deal, 1933, FDR
5. Fireside Chat on the Plan for Reorganization of the Judiciary, 1937, FDR
6. Radio Address, 1940, Senator Burton Wheeler
7. The Four Freedoms, 1941, FDR
8. Pearl Harbor Speech, 1941, FDR
9. D-Day Message, 1944, Dwight D. Eisenhower
10. The Yalta Conference, 1945

Resources

Webinars

1. Special Webinar: D-Day +76 Years and the Liberation of Europe
2. American Minds: Douglas MacArthur
3. American Presidents: FDR
4. Documents in Detail: FDR’s 1944 State of the Union Speech
5. Moment of Crisis: Attack on Pearl Harbor
6. Documents in Detail: Hoover’s Speech on the New Deal
7. Documents in Detail: FDR’s Commonwealth Club Address
8. Great American Debates: FDR vs. Hoover in the Election of 1932

Lesson Plans

1. – a four-lesson series that traces the roots of Japan’s decision to attack the United States in 1941
2. – a multi-day examination of American isolationism after WW1, neutrality during the stormy decade of the 1930s, and eventually war
3. – a four-day study of American foreign policy and diplomacy, with both enemies and allies, during the Second World War
4. – a four-lesson arc focused on the decisions and actions of the United States within the war itself
5. , 1942-45 – a multi-day lesson focused on the Allied conferences held throughout the war, emphasizing their goals and long-term impact
6. – A short set of lessons intended to help introduce students to the basics of FDR’s New Deal, as well as why these programs were controversial at the time and since

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Guiding Questions

1. What principles undergirded Progressive ideas regarding foreign policy? How can one explain their aggressive, expansionist tone?
2. Progressives envisioned a new society and a new economic order for America. What were the major features of that vision and what did Progressives see as obstacles to it?
3. How can one explain the differences between Progressive conceptions of the state and those of the Founding generation?
4. How did Progressives understand the nature and scope of executive authority?

Suggested answers

Essential Documents

1. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 1890
2. The Significance of the Frontier in American History, 1893, Frederick Jackson Turner
3. In Support of an American Empire, 1900, Albert J. Beveridge
4. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, 1904, Theodore Roosevelt
5. New Nationalism Speech, 1910, Theodore Roosevelt
6. Progressive Party Platform, 1912
7. The New Freedom, Chapters 1 and 2, 1913, Woodrow Wilson
8. Invisible Government Speech, 1915, Elihu Root
9. “Fourteen Points” Message, 1918, Woodrow Wilson
10. Speech on the 150th Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, 1926, Calvin Coolidge

Resources

Webinars

1. Enduring American Questions: How Did the Progressives Differ from the Founders?
2. Documents in Detail: 1912 Progressive Party Platform
3. American Minds: William Jennings Bryan
4. American Minds: Jane Addams
5. Documents in Detail: TR’s Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
6. Documents in Detail: Wilson’s Fourteen Points
7. Great American Debates: Imperialists vs. Non-Interventionists
8. Documents in Detail: Theodore Roosevelt’s New Nationalism Speech
9. Moments of Crisis: The Sinking of the聽USS Maine
10. American Presidents: Theodore Roosevelt
11. American Controversies: Has “The Day of Enlightened Administration” Come?

Lesson Plans

1. 聽– a four-lesson arc examining Wilson and Wilsonian foreign policy
2. – study the efforts of African-American soldiers during the Great War as a lens on race relations of the time
3. – A week-long lesson sequence studying Progressives’ use of Lincoln, and the extent to which their ideas aligned, or clashed with, those of the 16th president
4. – a 2-3 day lesson sequence studying the issues surrounding American expansion overseas during the Progressive Era
5. –聽A documents-based lesson through which students will develop valid definition and description of Progressivism as a coherent set of ideas and policy means and goals. Using a variety of original documents, students will hone close reading and analytical thinking skills, and learn how to effectively synthesize meaning from multiple sources
6. – learn about some of the origins of the 20th Century Civil Rights movement in the words and ideas of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois
7. – Learn about Wilson’s Progressivism as applied to foreign policy, and the domestic political debate that erupted over the League of Nations

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Guiding Questions

1. What did Americans think about slavery and emancipation as a constitutional matter, and how did their disagreement over the institution and its possible elimination shape the coming of the Civil War and its prosecution?
2. How did Americans understand secession and the problem it posed for the viability of self-government?
3. How did Lincoln and Americans understand the nature of the federal union and Constitution in relation to state sovereignty?
4. What problems did Reconstruction pose for Presidents and Congresses both during and after the Civil War, and to what extent did the federal structure of the American union, along with the 13^th, 14^th, and 15^th Amendments, complicate the return of peaceful self-government to the United States?

Suggested answers

Essential Documents

1. Fragment on the Constitution and Union, 1861, Abraham Lincoln
2. South Carolina Declaration of Causes of Secession, 1860
3. “Corner Stone” Speech, 1861, Alexander Stephens
4. The War – Its Cause and Cure, 1861, William Lloyd Garrison
5. Message to Congress in Special Session, 1861, Abraham Lincoln
6. Letter to Horace Greeley, 1861, Abraham Lincoln
7. Final Emancipation Proclamation, 1863, Abraham Lincoln
8. Gettysburg Address, 1863, Abraham Lincoln
9. Resolution Submitting the Thirteenth Amendment to the States, 1865, Abraham Lincoln
10. Oration in Memory of Abraham Lincoln, 1876, Frederick Douglass

Resources

Webinars

1. Documents in Detail: Gettysburg Address
2. Moments of Crisis: The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
3. Documents in Detail: Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address
4. American Controversies: Did Lincoln Violate the Constitution?
5. Great American Debates: Secessionists vs. Unionists
6. American Minds: Frederick Douglass
7. Documents in Detail: Lincoln’s Fragment on the Constitution and Union
8. Special Webinar: What Can We Learn from the Election of 1860?
9. Special Webinar: Heroes of the Civil War
10. Enduring American Questions: Did Slavery Cause the Civil War?
11. Documents in Detail: “Cornerstone” Speech
12. Documents in Detail: Final Emancipation Proclamation

Lesson Plans

1. – A one-day lesson focused on the relative strengths and weaknesses of the North and the South on the eve of the American Civil War
2. – Help students learn the essentials about important battles of the war in this two-day lesson
3. – This in-depth 3-4 day lesson explores Lincoln’s handling of the war as a political event
4. – a four-lesson arc examining the president, his ideas, and his actions
5. – a three-lesson mini-unit on the tumultuous years after the war
6. – a week-long sequence of lessons exploring Southern justifications – constitutional, legal, and moral – for secession
7. – a 3-day lesson sequence helping students understand the foundation of the post-Civil War Civil Rights movements

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During this period, the “American Mind,” as Thomas Jefferson called it, was expressed through a revolution, initial attempts at government, and finally the creation of the Constitution, the instrument intended to bring to fruition the lofty goals of the American Revolution.

Guiding Questions

1. How did American thinking about the nature of leaders and the people–the rulers and the ruled–evolve from the colonial days of allegiance to the King to the presidency of George Washington? What qualities did they believe that leaders should exhibit, how much power should they have, and why was it important that such power be checked and monitored?
2. Can we say that Americans of the founding era valued some ideals and principles more than others–security or freedom? Liberty or union? A confederated republic or a rising national empire? Or did they try to reconcile all these goals and ideals as they built a new nation?
3. How did Americans in the Founding era think about the relationship between the Constitution and the American Revolution? What had the Revolution achieved and what did it mean, and would the Constitution uphold those achievements or roll them back? Why did Federalists tend to see the Constitution as the fulfillment of the Revolution while Anti-Federalists criticized it as a betrayal? Why did the Constitution generate such diverse opinions on such a key issue? How did the ratification debate and the creation of the new government address these hopes and fears?
4. Could the broad, universal principles declared in the Declaration of Independence be limited or deferred once they were articulated? In what ways were the debates of the founding era really about extending the principles of the Revolutionary movement to more than just a few Americans鈥攁nd for whom, and how fully, and how soon those rights and benefits should be conferred?

Suggested answers

Essential Documents

1. Declaration of Independence, 1776, Thomas Jefferson
2. Vices of the Political System of the United States, 1787, James Madison
3. Notes of the Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787, James Madison (excerpts)
4. Constitution of the United States, 1787
5. Brutus I, 1787
6. Federalist I, 1787
7. Brutus II, 1787
8. James Wilson’s State House Speech, 1787
9. Federalist 10, 1787
10. First Inaugural Address, 1789, George Washington

Resources

Webinars

1. Documents in Detail: Federalist 51
2. Documents in Detail: Declaration of Independence
3. Moments of Crisis: Intolerable Acts
4. Documents in Detail: Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
5. Documents in Detail: Federalist 1
6. Documents in Detail: Brutus II
7. Documents in Detail: James Madison’s Federalist 10
8. Documents in Detail: George Washington’s Farewell Address
9. American Presidents: George Washington
10. American Minds: Benjamin Franklin
11. American Minds: Alexander Hamilton
12. Great American Debates: Patriots vs. Loyalists
13. Great American Debates: Federalists vs. Antifederalists

Lesson Plans

1. 聽– help your students learn and retain the fundamentals of the Constitution, and create a useful reference for themselves in the process
2. – a writing lesson that will help students identify and explain a few of the core principles expressed in the Constitution
3. – a study of the historical and ideological origins of the first ten amendments
4. – a model for purposeful discussion of a topic, with a focus on the ideas that animated those who waged the War for Independence
5. – three related lessons about the war
6. – three related lessons exploring different phases of the Convention
7. – two related lessons exploring key issues debated over ratification of the Constitution

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This topic focuses primarily on Westward Expansion as related to the issue of Sectionalism, and for the sake of this focus does not include consideration of other important topics of the era, including agricultural and industrial breakthroughs, and reform movements.

Guiding Questions

1. What did Americans think were the advantages and the perils of expansionism?
2. How did reform movements, many of which had their origin during the Jackson presidency (1829-1837), affect American attitudes on slavery and expansion?
3. How did Americans differ on the Constitution as well as state and federal power within the debate on expansion and slavery?
4. How did slavery and expansion together poison American politics?

Suggested answers

Essential Documents

1. First Inaugural Address, 1801, Thomas Jefferson
2. Letter to John Holmes, 1820, Thomas Jefferson
3. Monroe Doctrine, 1823, James Monroe
4. The Webster-Hayne Debates, 1830
5. Fort Hill Address, 1831, John C. Calhoun
6. Proclamation Regarding Nullification, 1832, Andrew Jackson
7. On the Constitution and the Union, 1832, William Lloyd Garrison
8. What a Revival of Religion Is, 1835, Charles Finney
9. “What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?,” 1852, Frederick Douglass
10. Speech on the Repeal of the Missouri Compromise, 1854, Abraham Lincoln

Resources

Webinars

1. American Minds: Henry Clay
2. Documents in Detail: “What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?”
3. Documents in Detail: Monroe Doctrine
4. Great American Debates: Lincoln vs. Douglas
5. Moments of Crisis: Nullification Crisis
6. Moments of Crisis: Election of 1800
7. Landmark Supreme Court Cases:聽Marbury v. Madison
8. Landmark Supreme Court Cases:聽McCulloch v. Maryla\nd
9. Landmark Supreme Court Cases:聽Dred Scott v. Sandford
10. American Presidents: James Madison
11. American Presidents: Andrew Jackson
12. American Presidents: James K. Polk
13. American Controversies: Is there a Constitutional Right to Nullification or Secession?
14. Special Webinar: What Can We Learn from the Election of 1800?

Lesson Plans

1. – a weeklong series of lessons focused on the words and ideas of the Lincoln-Douglas Debates
2. – four related lessons about the growing sectional rift between North and South
3. – A study of the connection between the Mexican-American War and growing political and sectional divides in mid-19th Century America
4. – A study of the life and views of a slave from Frederick Douglass
5. – study the competing politics and constitutional interpretations related to the debate over the National Bank during Jackson’s time as president
6. – Building on Southern ideas related to nullification and attitudes about federal power, this lesson explores Southern rationale for secession in 1860

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